ترامب وبوتين في ألاسكا: من أرض روسية سابقة إلى مسرح لمباحثات السلام المحتملة
من السيادة الروسية إلى الصفقة الأمريكية
في 18 أكتوبر 1867، انتقلت تبعية ألاسكا من روسيا إلى الولايات المتحدة مقابل 7.2 مليون دولار، بصفقة قادها وزير الخارجية الأمريكي ويليام سيوارد. رغم انتقادات حادة واتهام الصفقة بأنها "حماقة سيوارد"، تحوّلت الولاية لاحقاً إلى كنز استراتيجي واقتصادي. ألاسكا، التي تبلغ مساحتها 1.7 مليون كيلومتر مربع، هي أكبر ولاية أمريكية لكنها الأقل كثافة سكانية، بنحو 700 ألف نسمة.
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جذور أقدم من التاريخ الحديث
البشر سكنوا ألاسكا منذ 10 آلاف سنة قبل الميلاد، حين كان جسر بري يربطها بسيبيريا، ما سمح لهجرات بشرية تبعت قطعان الحيوانات. ومع مطلع القرن الثامن عشر، أطلقت روسيا بعثات استكشافية بقيادة الملاح الدنماركي فيتوس بيرنغ، ما فتح تجارة فراء مربحة، وأدى إلى تأسيس أول مستوطنة أوروبية عام 1784.
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بريق الذهب والنفط
شهدت أواخر القرن التاسع عشر حمى الذهب، وفي خمسينيات القرن العشرين جاءت اكتشافات النفط والغاز، وصولاً إلى اكتشاف حقل نفط خليج برودو عام 1968 باحتياطي يُقدَّر ب 13 مليار برميل. هذه الطفرة دفعت حاكم الولاية جاي هاموند عام 1976 إلى إنشاء صندوق ألاسكا الدائم، الذي يدير حالياً أكثر من 65 مليار دولار ويوزع أرباحاً سنوية على السكان.
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خصوصية اقتصادية واجتماعية
برنامج حصص أرباح الصندوق، المطبق منذ 1982، أسهم في خفض معدلات الفقر، خصوصاً بين السكان الأصليين، وأصبح جزءاً من هوية ألاسكا الاقتصادية. الولاية تُعرف أيضاً بكونها معقلاً للجمهوريين، إذ لم تصوّت لمرشح ديمقراطي للرئاسة منذ جيمي كارتر عام 1976.
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حقائق بارزة عن ألاسكا
* أكبر ولاية أمريكية، تعادل خمس مساحة البلاد.
* عاصمتها جونو لا يمكن الوصول إليها براً.
* تضم نحو 100 ألف نهر جليدي، وأكثر من 3 آلاف نهر.
* موطن 17 من أعلى 20 قمة جبلية في الولايات المتحدة.
* تحتوي على أكثر من 100 بركان، ونسبة دب لكل 21 شخصاً.
تاريخ الإضافة : 13/08/2025
مضاف من طرف : infos-tunisie
المصدر : www.babnet.net